1) Το «causative» σημαίνει πώς κάποιος άλλος εκτός
από εμάς κάνει κάτι για λογαριασμό μας. Επομένως κάνουμε κάποια συμφωνία με κάποιον
επαγγελματία, ειδικό (ή και άλλον
άνθρωπο) να κάνει κάτι για εμάς, διότι εμείς το βρίσκουμε δύσκολο, αδύνατο ή
απλά δεν μπορούμε να το κάνουμε.
a) She’s
having her house painted. (Θα της βάψουν το σπίτι).
b)
We’ve had the carpets cleaned. (Μας
πλύνανε τα χαλιά).
c)
They’ll be having their dinner served at half past eight. (Θα τους σερβίρουν το δείπνο στις 20:30).
d)
We’ve been having our garden remodeled. (Μας ανασχεδιάζουν τον κήπο).
2) Εάν
θέλουμε να μάθουμε ποιος μας κάνει την εξυπηρέτηση ή εργασία τότε
χρησιμοποιούμε ποιητικό αίτιο (by agent).
a)
He’s having his tattoo done by one of the best experts in the city.
b)
Every Saturday we have our car cleaned by a local lad in the village.
c)
She had had her nails done before her hair was cut by Sassoon.
3) Χρησιμοποιούμε
το «causative form»
για να μιλήσουμε για κακές εμπειρίες ή και ατυχίες.
a) They’ve
had their suitcases stolen at the airport. (Τους κλέψανε τις βαλίτσες
στο αεροδρόμιο).
b)
We’ve had our electricity cut off all day. (Μας είχανε κόψει το
ηλεκτρικό, όλη την ημέρα).
c)
I had my car lights smashed by vandals. (Μου σπάσανε τα τζάμια
βάνδαλοι).
d)
He had his garden destroyed by the storm. (Του καταστράφηκε ο κήπος από
την καταιγίδα).
4) Υπάρχουν
τρία ρήματα που θα χρησιμοποιήσουμε στο «causative»: HAVE, GET & MAKE. Ας δούμε τις διαφορές:
a) He has
the lawn mown every weekend by his son. (Δεν το κάνει ο ίδιος αλλά ο
γιός του.)
HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE / μτχ. Αορίστου
b) He got his son
to mow the lawn for him. (Έπεισε τον γιό του να το κάνει.)
GET + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE / έναρθρο απαρέμφατο
c)
He got the lawn mown by his son. (Του ζήτησε να το κάνει για λογαριασμό
του.)
GET + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE / μτχ. αορίστου
d)
He made his son mow the lawn. (Επέμεινε εντόνως ή διέταξε τον γιό του να
το κάνει.)
MAKE + OBJECT + BARE INFINITIVE / γυμνό απαρέμφατο
5) Παρόλο
που το HAVE και το MAKE είναι
κοντά εννοιολογικά δεν είναι ταυτόσημα, οπότε προσοχή!
a)
She has her son’s bedroom cleaned. (Βάζει κάποιον να καθαρίσει το
δωμάτιο του γιού της).
b)
She made her son clean his bedroom. (Ανάγκασε τον γιό της να καθαρίσει
το δωμάτιο του).
6) Το
GET θεωρείται ανεπίσημο, το
χρησιμοποιούμε συνήθως όταν μιλάμε και στις περιπτώσεις που το υποκείμενο κάνει
την πράξη:
a)
They always get their homework done on time. (Πάντα τελειώνουν τα
διαβάσματα τους στην ώρα τους).
b)
He got the lawn mown before lunch. (Έκοψε το γρασίδι πριν το μεσημεριανό).
TENSE
|
ACTIVE
|
CAUSATIVE FORM
|
||
PRESENT SIMPLE
|
He makes Sushi.
|
He has Sushi made.
|
||
-ING FORM
|
He loves making Sushi.
|
He loves
having Sushi made.
|
||
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
|
He is making Sushi.
|
He is
having Sushi made.
|
||
PAST SIMPLE
|
He made Sushi.
|
He had Sushi made.
|
||
PAST CONTINUOUS
|
He was making Sushi.
|
He was
having Sushi made.
|
||
PRESENT PERFECT
|
He has made Sushi.
|
He has
had Sushi made.
|
||
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
|
He has
been making Sushi.
|
He has
been having Sushi made.
|
||
PAST PERFECT
|
He had made Sushi.
|
He had
had Sushi made.
|
||
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
|
He had
been making Sushi.
|
He had
been having Sushi made.
|
||
BE GOING TO
|
He is going
to make Sushi.
|
He is
going to have Sushi made.
|
||
FUTURE SIMPLE
|
He will make Sushi.
|
He will
have Sushi made.
|
||
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
|
He will
be making Sushi.
|
He will
be having Sushi made.
|
||
PRESENT CONDITIONAL
|
He would make Sushi.
|
He would
have Sushi made.
|
||
PRESENT CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS
|
He would
be making Sushi.
|
He would
be having Sushi made.
|
||
PRESENT PERFECT CONDITIONAL
|
He would
have made Sushi.
|
He would
have had Sushi made.
|
||
MODALS & SEMI-
MODALS
|
can
|
He can make Sushi.
|
He can
have Sushi made.
|
|
could
|
He could make Sushi.
|
He could
have Sushi made.
|
||
must
|
He must make Sushi.
|
He must
have Sushi made.
|
||
should
|
He should make Sushi.
|
He should
have Sushi made.
|
||
ought to
|
He ought
to make Sushi.
|
He ought
to have Sushi made.
|
||
may
|
He may make Sushi.
|
He may
have Sushi made.
|
||
might
|
He might make Sushi.
|
He might
have Sushi made.
|
||
will
|
He will make Sushi.
|
He will
have Sushi made.
|
||
have /has to
|
He has to
make Sushi.
|
He has to
have Sushi made.
|
||
have / has got to
|
He has
got to make Sushi.
|
He has
got to have Sushi made.
|
||
needs to
|
He needs
to make Sushi.
|
He needs
to have Sushi made.
|
||
needn’t
|
He needn’t make Sushi.
|
He
needn’t have Sushi made.
|
||
had better
|
He had
better make Sushi.
|
He had
better have Sushi made.
|
||
used to
|
He used
to make Sushi.
|
He used
to have Sushi made.
|
||
MODAL PERFECT
|
can’t have
|
He can’t
have made Sushi.
|
He can’t
have had Sushi made.
|
|
could have
|
He could
have made Sushi.
|
He could
have had Sushi made
|
||
must have
|
He must
have made Sushi.
|
He must
have had Sushi made.
|
||
should have
|
He should
have made Sushi.
|
He should
have had Sushi made.
|
||
may have
|
He may
have make Sushi.
|
He may
have had Sushi made.
|
||
might have
|
He might
have made Sushi.
|
He might
have had Sushi made.
|
||
will have
|
He will
have made Sushi.
|
He will
have had Sushi made.
|
||
